Alberto Bartoli - Blog

I am playing with Gemini for extracting MITRE ATT&CK techniques from cybersecurity incident reports automatically (MITRE ATT&CK is a powerful framework for reasoning about attacks and I use this framework intensively in my Cybersecurity course ): you give Gemini the URL of a report and will immediately obtain the attack techniques used in that attack campaign. Here a spreadsheet with some of the outputs. This usage of "the AI" is potentially very useful for grasping the essentials of an attack campaign quickly and providing students with concrete examples. It is also an usage that fits an essential but often overlooked requirements of AI applications: the cost of a mistake must be small . The prompt I give to Gemini actually asks to extract another important piece of information: the vulnerabilities possibly used in that campaign. In my early attempts I asked Gemini to tell, for each listed vulnerability, whether it was still unknown to software manufacturers at ...

A follow-up to my previous post on Mythos Preview. The AI Security Institute (AISI) has published a very interesting analysis of Mythos Preview . Very interesting because: AISI is " a mission-driven research organisation in the heart of the UK government ". Its reports are clearly much more credible than claims of the form " our last product is too strong to give you, believe us " by a private US company, that is currently losing lot of money, that is fiercely battling against other  companies in the AI arena, that is extremely good at fuelling hype about their products and capabilities. They consider complete cybersecurity tasks, i.e. CTF (capture the flag) competitions and attacks to a simulated organization. They compare the behavior of different models for a given "token budget". Not surprisingly, Mythos Preview is indeed very good and better than previous models, but it is definitely not the coming Apocalipsis. In particular, it is the first tool th...

(updated twice after first posting, see below) On April 7-th 2026, Anthropic issued a technical report titled  Assessing Claude Mythos Preview’s cybersecurity capabilities . This report has quickly sparked the all-too-common (and deeply misleading) narrative of an imminent cybersecurity apocalypse due to the (supposedly) immense and groundbreaking capabilities of AI. For example, The New York Times :  I’m really not being hyperbolic when I say that kids could deploy this by accident. Mom and Dad, get ready for: "Honey, what did you do after school today?” “Well, Mom, my friends and I took down the power grid. What’s for dinner?” That is why Anthropic is giving carefully controlled versions to key software providers so they can find and fix the vulnerabilities before the bad guys do — or your kids. What does Anthropic say? The following paragraphs contain a slightly edited AI-generated summary of the Anthropic report Anthropic has introduced Claude Mythos Preview, a langu...

My Cybersecurity course has a lot of technical detail. Maybe not as much as some students wish, at least in certain topics, but finding the appropriate balance between breadth and depth is difficult. I try to convey to students an important message, though: in order to understand the dynamics of cybersecurity in the real world (" why we are still not applying fundamental principles formulated 50 years ago? ", " why there are so many vulnerabilities? ", " why such an obvious defense is not ubiquitous? "), one must never think solely in technical terms or even worse, in moral terms (" you have to make sure that your code does not have any vulnerabilities, otherwise you will be a sinner and go to hell!",  " company X is evil because does not release patches for its vulnerable software! "). What I tell to students is that one must always think in economical terms ( "yes, this defense is interesting...but what is its cost in terms of f...

I have recently read in a newspaper the claim " once quantum computers are sufficiently advanced, they will render current cybersecurity technologies completely ineffective ". As a civil servant "sufficiently expert" in this field, I feel it is my duty to point out that this claim is deeply wrong. I will do so at least in this web blog. Quantum computers and Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) Once so-called ‘ quantum computers ’ become available in practice, they will be capable of breaking certain cryptographic algorithms that have been widely used for many years and are still used today. For this reason, for years now, there has been a huge push worldwide to accelerate the transition to so-called ‘post-quantum cryptography’ (PQC): cryptographic algorithms that can be executed by the standard computers we already have today , but which cannot be ‘decrypted’ even by the quantum computers of the future . Various PQC algorithms have already been developed and standardise...